Maya by berge

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS I: TEXT, INTERTEXTUALITY, CONTEXT

In media researches, there are several methods and strategies that can be applied. Like in the previous assignment semiotics and the current example of discourse analysis. Gillian Rose who is a philosopher has worked on discourse analysis and improved a method through Foucault’s analysis. She separated the concept as discourse analysis I and II. In this blog post I will explore the discourse analysis I.  

Figure-1 Retrieved from:
  https://www.slideshare.net/janettie/discourse-theory

Michel Foucault, who is known with his works on discourse analysis, states that discourse has a quite specific meaning. It refers to groups of statements which structure the way a thing is thought. “In other words, discourse is a particular knowledge about the world which shapes how the world is understood and how things are done in it.” (Rose, 2001, p.136) In this case, the notion ‘discourse’ refers to the ways of communication such as, written, spoken and visual.  

Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/BEELAA/presentation-cda

Rose presents a new notion that is called intertextuality. Intertextuality refers to the way that “the meanings of any one discursive image or text depend not only on that, but also on the meanings carried by other images and texts.” (Rose, 2001, p.136) She calls that connectivity as the discursive formation.

According to Foucault discourse was a kind of discipline, which leads us to his thoughts about power. He states that discourse is powerful in a specific way, it is powerful because it is productive. Discourse disciplines individuals to a specific kind of thinking and behaving. However, it is not repressive, it does not force people to think in a certain way but human subjects are produced through discourses. (Rose, 2001, p.137) He also stated that power is everywhere since discourse is everywhere too. Also, there are several discourses, some of which obviously contest the terms of others. The intersection between power and knowledge leads to development of claims to truth. (Rose, 2001, p.138) 

Foucault maintained that knowledge and power are covering each other, not just because all of the knowledge is discursive but because “the most powerful discourses, in terms of the productiveness of their social effects, depend on assumptions and claims that their knowledge is true.”. (Rose,2001,p.138) 

Rose states that Foucault’s work has produced two methodologies which she calls as discourse analysis I and discourse analysis 2. (Rose, 2001, p.139) Discourse analysis I, which is the focus point of this post, “tends to pay more attention to the notion of discourse as articulated through several types of visual images and verbal texts than to the practices entailed by specific discourses.” (Rose, 2001, p.140) Discourse analysis II is more interested in the practices of institutions than the visual images and verbal texts. 

Figure-3 Retrieved from:
  http://lslconsultancy.com/blog/lsl-management-tip-25-communication-in-the-workplace/

Written, verbal and even visual texts can be collected with the help of novels, researches, newspapers, photographers, maps, recordings etc. She mentioned a way to do discourse analysis which is iconography. In order to work with visual types of communication better, it is possible to use Panofsky’s way to study iconography. Rose states that iconography, like discourse analysis, depends on intertextuality for its interpretive power. It also depends on what Panofsky called `common sense’, (Rose, 2001, p.149) In order to have a better understanding on meaning behinds the visual communication, one should forget the knowledge that she\he thinks know and look at the work with new eyes.

For the sake of having a better understanding of discourse analysis, we should have a look at example papers that have used that method in their researches. For instance DiFrances in their academic work Seeing climate change: the visual construction of global warming in Canadian national print media (2010), analysis the climate change and how it has been represented by two Canadian newspapers. In this context, discourse analysis I have been used as a way to analyse visual communication on climate change. (DiFrancesco & Young, 2010, p. 517)  The subject in this context is the media of Canada and how is it presents the climate change, particularly their work’s focal point is two of the biggest newspapers of the country. Analysis of newspaper items proceeded in three phases: First, they started with content analysis of all images appearing in articles related with climate change. Second, content analysis of the text of all articles concerning climate change. Lastly, intertextual discourse analysis of a selected number of image-language combinations in order to explore the topic deeper. (DiFrancesco & Young, 2010, p.519) They primarily work with visual images, however, since they also look at written texts, it is possible to relate their intertextuality with Rose’s method. Rose also pays attention to the intertextuality in discourse analysis, which mean looking at several types of sources and make a relation between them is important. We could mention the lack of analysis about social production of the discourse as a difference when looking at Rose’s text. Both of the papers use discourse analysis in order to explain discover the real meanings behind the truths. DiFrancesco and Young takes discourse analysis to analyse the relation between visual communication and language, but Rose pays attention to meaning of discourse analysis itself.

In the end, it is possible to say that discourse analysis can be used in very different ways and it is very helpful to understand the communication we have. Foucault claimed discourses are producing individuals, therefore they become powerful. Rose focused on visuality and verbal communication, while DiFrancesco and Young’s work focused on emotions and used the method to analyse climate problems in their country. There are several different usage and approach to the discourse analysis, and in our quickly changing way of communications in our modern world, it can help us to understand the reality behind the meanings.

References: 

DiFrancesco, A. & Young, N. (2010). Seeing climate change: The visual construction of global warming in Canadian national print media. Cultural geographies.

Rose, G. (2001). Visual methodologies: An introduction to researching with visual materials. London: Sage.

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